The development of electrical and electronic industry, rapid consumption and "ageing" of the equipment entail the necessity of regular replacement, which increases the amount of electrical and electronic waste (called just e-waste or WEEE). E-waste is a specific type of waste, that is a source of PTE (Potentially Toxic Elements), including TCE (Technology Critical Elements). The implementation of the project allowed to obtain original results of comprehensive environmental and material research, including: determining and comparing the content of elements, including critical elements (TCE), in soils in the areas surrounding various WEEE processing plants in Katowice, Krakow and Lublin; as well as the speciation of germanium, thallium and tellurium in soils. As part of the project, the quantitative and qualitative content of Ge, Te and Tl and other PTE in the soil profile was identified, as well as the methodology of soil sample preparation and determination of ionic forms of Ge, Te and Tl using the hyphenated HPLC-ICP-MS technique. Their mobility was also tested by sequential chemical extraction. In this study, the soil magnetometry method was used for the first time to mark out the soil sampling sites in relation to the TCE elements. The soil magnetometry method based on in situ measurements of soil magnetic susceptibility is a good tool for determining the range of dust emission, as well as the location of sampling sites (places with high magnetic susceptibility values, and therefore with high accumulation of technogenic magnetic particles together with PTE and TCE). Chemometric studies showed a strong positive correlation between the content of critical elements and the magnetic susceptibility and other elements present in the soil. Storage, processing and recycling of electrowaste increases the pollution with toxic and critical elements in the environment. The soil is the most susceptible to the accumulation of pollutants and is an indicator of many years of human activity. It has been shown that the increase in the content of Ge, Tl and Te in the soil is influenced by such factors as: the type of soil in the area surrounding the WEEE plant, the prevailing winds direction in this area, topography, as well as the duration of waste processing. A strong correlation was found between the length of the electrowaste processing time and the concentration of TCE in the soil. The highest concentration of TCE was found in the areas surrounding the WEEE plant in Katowice, then in Krakow, and the shortest operating plant in Lublin had the lowest impact on the environment. Our research showed that the dominant forms in soil are Tl(I), Ge(IV) and that the concentrations of both tellurium forms (Te(IV) and Te(VI)) were comparable or the concentration of the reduced form of tellurium quantitatively exceeded the content of Te(VI). Sequential chemical extraction of critical elements allowed to determine the mobility of Ge, Tl, Te in soils, which, combined with the speciation analysis of the ionic forms of these elements, significantly expanded the knowledge on this subject at the international level. The study of the elements content in the soil profile showed that the highest concentration of TCE was found in the topsoil, which clearly indicates an anthropogenic rather than a geogenic origin of these elements. Our research has shown that although in the areas surrounding WEEE processing plants an increase in the concentration of TCE in soils is observed, these elements are bound by soils and occur in immobile forms, poorly accessible to plants.
Selected electronic elements (solar lamps, solar cells, LED TV screens, LCD screens, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors) being the carriers of Ge, Te and Tl were analyzed. These electronic elements were ground, a sieve analysis was performed and the content of elements in individual fractions was determined. This issue is particularly important because the WEEE recycling processes (crushing, grinding, and even collection and transport operations) can lead to dispersion and migration of TCE pollutants to the environment. It was found that Ge, Te and Tl are concentrated in the finest fractions of ground e-waste and this favors their migration during their storage and processing.
The implementation of the project allowed for the publication of several articles of international scope with high IF, several works are in preparation. The research results were widely presented at national and international conferences. The created and validated methodologies for determining the total TCE content and their species in soils were the project result. The project research has made a significant contribution to environmental engineering, analytical chemistry, metallurgy, soil science and geophysics.
Serious generation after completion of the compound, replenishment, metal ions entering the dye-bridge layer. The substances are toxic to living organisms, carcinogenic, mutagenic and also teratogenic. So it sounds like a way to remove these substances from water and resources. The further tightening of the limits still has additional resources that still have permanent access and forces that still exist. Of great interest because of access to water to gain and reap the benefits, enjoy sorption, but equal interest as sorbent carbon Therefore, as now they are newly able to extract as important, but also and further to gain access to services.
The main objective of the project was to determine the possibility of using peat, bentonite, synthetic and natural zeolites, bog iron as well as steel mill waste in relation to dyes and auxiliaries most commonly used in the dyeing of fabrics and textile products, and to determine the most effective and at the same time economical (by minimising sorbent treatment) conditions of the process. In addition, the sorption parameters were estimated, the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Raduszkiewicz isotherms were determined, the sorption kinetics were determined and the effectiveness of selected materials in removing pollutants from real wastewater from two dyeing plants in the province of Łódź was determined.
Dye sorption studies were conducted at 3 different ratios of solid phase to solution (i.e. 1:50, 1: 100, 1: 200), in a wide range of initial concentrations (1-1000 mg / dm 3) and chromium ions in the ratio of solid phase to a 1: 100 solution and in the range of initial concentrations of 0.1-1000 mg / dm3. Based on the tests carried out, it was found that the best results were obtained at a solid phase to solution ratio of 1: 100. Peat and dust were the materials that removed the tested dyes most effectively. The dye RB-81 was removed 28.31-88.89% by peat and 28.28-88.89% by dust, while RR-198 was removed 29.49-85.44% and 32.33- 77.78% by peat and dust, respectively. The acid dyes ABk-1 and AR -18 were best bound by dust within the limits of 32.52-98.57% and 13.78-60.0%, respectively. The metal complex dye AB -193 was best removed by peat within 68.54-94.54%. Dust proved to be the most effective sorbent in removing chromium ions (Cr (III) -Cl with pH = 5.0 was removed in the maximum amount of 98.99 mg / g, which is 99.99%). On the other hand, bentonite was the best agent for removing dyes and COD organic pollutants from real wastewater.
Valuable and original research results were achieved in the project, which are important for the expansion of knowledge in the field of environmental technology, especially water treatment technology. The results obtained in the project are primarily scientific in nature, but can form the basis for the development of methods for using the tested sorbents as effective materials in the treatment of water and wastewater from dyes and accompanying excipients.
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The plant has been operating under the present name since 2007. Its progenitor was the Laboratory of Research on the Impact of Industrialization on the Environment (1961-1978). In 1978, as a result of the reorganization of the Institute, the Laboratory was transformed into the Department of Research on the Impact of Pollutants on Plants, functioning until 1990. The name of the Department was changed several times: in 1991 - to the Department of Environmental Contamination, and in 2002 - to the Department of Earth Surface Protection.
Currently, the plant has 8 people. In recent years, 2 people have obtained the title of professor, 2 - the degree of habilitated doctor and 2 - the degree of doctor.
In the 60-year history of the Institute, the Department was managed by:prof. dr hab. S. Godzik, dr St. Karweta i prof. dr hab. inż. Cz. Rosik–Dulewska.
The department specialises in the following research topics:
History of the Department of Waste Management and Environmental Analyzes
41-819 Zabrze, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34
tel.: +48 32 271 64 81
tel.: +48 32 271 70 40
e-mail: ipis@ipispan.edu.pl
NIP: PL6480006720
